WHITE SPOTS
Most often caused by minor trauma. Rarely linked to zinc deficiency.
Zn
YELLOW NAILS
Most commonly due to fungal infection. Other causes: psoriasis, smoking, yellow nail syndrome, lymphedema.
SPOON-SHAPED NAILS (KOILONYCHIA)
Classic sign of iron deficiency. Other causes possible.
Fe
VERTICAL RIDGES
Usually a normal part of aging. Not a reliable sign of vitamin B12 deficiency alone.
B12
HORIZONTAL LINES (BEAU'S LINES)
Caused by temporary interruption of nail growth due to severe illness, high fever, surgery, chemotherapy, or major stress.
BLUE / PURPLE NAILS (CYANOSIS)
May indicate low oxygen levels due to heart or lung conditions.
Cold exposure can also cause temporary bluish nails.
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